fopen

- open a stream

Synopsis

#include <stdio.h>

FILE *fopen(const char *filename, const char *mode);

Description

The fopen() function opens the file whose pathname is the string pointed to by filename, and associates a stream with it.

The argument mode points to a string beginning with one of the following sequences:

r or rb

Open file for reading.

w or wb

Truncate to zero length or create file for writing.

a or ab

Append; open or create file for writing at end-of-file.

r+ or rb+ or r+b

Open file for update (reading and writing).

w+ or wb+ or w+b

Truncate to zero length or create file for update.

a+ or ab+ or a+b

Append; open or create file for update, writing at end-of-file.

The character b has no effect, but is allowed for ISO C standard conformance (see standards(5)). Opening a file with read mode (r as the first character in the mode argument) fails if the file does not exist or cannot be read.

Opening a file with append mode (a as the first character in the mode argument) causes all subsequent writes to the file to be forced to the then current end-of-file, regardless of intervening calls to fseek(3C). If two separate processes open the same file for append, each process may write freely to the file without fear of destroying output being written by the other. The output from the two processes will be intermixed in the file in the order in which it is written.

When a file is opened with update mode (+ as the second or third character in the mode argument), both input and output may be performed on the associated stream. However, output must not be directly followed by input without an intervening call to fflush(3C) or to a file positioning function ( fseek(3C), fsetpos(3C) or rewind(3C)), and input must not be directly followed by output without an intervening call to a file positioning function, unless the input operation encounters end-of-file.

When opened, a stream is fully buffered if and only if it can be determined not to refer to an interactive device. The error and end-of-file indicators for the stream are cleared.

If mode begins with w or a and the file did not previously exist, upon successful completion, fopen() function will mark for update the st_atime, st_ctime and st_mtime fields of the file and the st_ctime and st_mtime fields of the parent directory.

If mode begins with w and the file did previously exist, upon successful completion, fopen() will mark for update the st_ctime and st_mtime fields of the file. The fopen() function will allocate a file descriptor as open(2) does.

Normally, 32-bit applications return an EMFILE error when attempting to associate a stream with a file accessed by a file descriptor with a value greater than 255. If the last character of mode is F, 32-bit applications will be allowed to associate a stream with a file accessed by a file descriptor with a value greater than 255. A FILE pointer obtained in this way must never be used by any code that might directly access fields in the FILE structure. If the fields in the FILE structure are used directly by 32-bit applications when the last character of mode is F, data corruption could occur. See the USAGE section of this manual page and the enable_extended_FILE_stdio(3C) manual page for other options for enabling the extended FILE facility.

In 64-bit applications, the last character of mode is silently ignored if it is F. 64-bit applications are always allowed to associate a stream with a file accessed by a file descriptor with any value.

The largest value that can be represented correctly in an object of type off_t will be established as the offset maximum in the open file description.

Return Values

Upon successful completion, fopen() returns a pointer to the object controlling the stream. Otherwise, a null pointer is returned and errno is set to indicate the error.

The fopen() function may fail and not set errno if there are no free stdio streams.

Errors

The fopen() function will fail if:

EACCES

Search permission is denied on a component of the path prefix, or the file exists and the permissions specified by mode are denied, or the file does not exist and write permission is denied for the parent directory of the file to be created.

EINTR

A signal was caught during the execution of fopen().

EISDIR

The named file is a directory and mode requires write access.

ELOOP

Too many symbolic links were encountered in resolving path.

EMFILE

There are {OPEN_MAX} file descriptors currently open in the calling process.

ENAMETOOLONG

The length of the filename exceeds PATH_MAX or a pathname component is longer than NAME_MAX.

ENFILE

The maximum allowable number of files is currently open in the system.

ENOENT

A component of filename does not name an existing file or filename is an empty string.

ENOSPC

The directory or file system that would contain the new file cannot be expanded, the file does not exist, and it was to be created.

ENOTDIR

A component of the path prefix is not a directory.

ENXIO

The named file is a character special or block special file, and the device associated with this special file does not exist.

EOVERFLOW

The current value of the file position cannot be represented correctly in an object of type fpos_t.

EROFS

The named file resides on a read-only file system and mode requires write access.

The fopen() function may fail if:

EINVAL

The value of the mode argument is not valid.

EMFILE

{FOPEN_MAX} streams are currently open in the calling process.

{STREAM_MAX} streams are currently open in the calling process.

ENAMETOOLONG

Pathname resolution of a symbolic link produced an intermediate result whose length exceeds {PATH_MAX}.

ENOMEM

Insufficient storage space is available.

ETXTBSY

The file is a pure procedure (shared text) file that is being executed and mode requires write access.

Usage

A process is allowed to have at least {FOPEN_MAX} stdio streams open at a time. For 32-bit applications, however, the underlying ABIs formerly required that no file descriptor used to access the file underlying a stdio stream have a value greater than 255. To maintain binary compatibility with earlier Solaris releases, this limit still constrains 32-bit applications. However, when a 32-bit application is aware that no code that has access to the FILE pointer returned by fopen() will use the FILE pointer to directly access any fields in the FILE structure, the F character can be used as the last character in the mode argument to circumvent this limit. Because it could lead to data corruption, the F character in mode must never be used when the FILE pointer might later be used by binary code unknown to the user. The F character in mode is intended to be used by library functions that need a FILE pointer to access data to process a user request, but do not need to pass the FILE pointer back to the user. 32-bit applications that have been inspected can use the extended FILE facility to circumvent this limit if the inspection shows that no FILE pointers will be used to directly access FILE structure contents.

The fopen() function has a transitional interface for 64-bit file offsets. See lf64(5).

Attributes

See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

For all aspects of this function except the F character in the mode argument, see standards(5)

See Also

enable_extended_FILE_stdio(3C), fclose(3C), fdopen(3C), fflush(3C), freopen(3C), fsetpos(3C), rewind(3C), attributes(5), lf64(5), standards(5)