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man pages section 1: User Commands Oracle Solaris 11.1 Information Library |
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man pages section 1: User Commands Oracle Solaris 11.1 Information Library |
- runtime linker for dynamic objects
/lib/ld.so.1
/lib/ld.so.1 [-e envar] dynamic-object [object args]...
Dynamic applications consist of one or more dynamic objects. A dynamic application is typically a dynamic executable and one or more shared object dependencies. As part of the initialization and execution of a dynamic application, an interpreter is called. This interpreter completes the binding of the application to its shared object dependencies. In Solaris, this interpreter is referred to as the runtime linker.
During the link-editing of a dynamic executable, a special .interp section, together with an associated program header, is created. This section contains a path name specifying the program's interpreter. An interpreter path name can be specified when the executable is constructed using the -I option to ld(1), the link-editor. The default name supplied by the link-editor is the name of the runtime linker, ld.so.1.
During the process of executing a dynamic executable, the kernel maps the file, and locates the required interpreter. See exec(2) and mmapobj(2). The kernel maps in, and transfers control to, this interpreter. Sufficient information is passed to the interpretor to allow the interpreter to continue to bind, and then execute the application.
In addition to initializing an application, the runtime linker provides services that allow the application to extend its address space. Additional shared objects can be mapped, and symbols within the shared objects can be bound to.
The runtime linker performs the following functions:
A configuration file, if in existence, is processed. Configuration files can be employed to alter default search paths, provide a directory cache, and provide alternative object dependencies. See crle(1). By default, for 32–bit objects, the configuration file /var/ld/ld.config is used. For 64–bit objects, the default configuration file /var/ld/64/ld.config is used. Alternative configuration files can be specified with the LD_CONFIG environment variable. Alternative configuration files can also be encoded within a dynamic executable by using the -c option of ld(1).
The runtime linker analyzes the application's dynamic information section, .dynamic, to determine which shared object dependencies are required.
The runtime linker then locates and maps in these dependencies. The dynamic information section of each dependency is then analyzed to determine if any additional dependencies are required.
Once all the shared object dependencies are loaded, the runtime linker performs any necessary relocations. These relocations bind the shared objects in preparation for process execution.
Any initialization functions provided by the shared object dependencies and, possibly, by the dynamic executable are called. The functions are called in the reverse order of the topologically sorted dependencies. If cyclic dependencies exist, the initialization functions are called using the sorted order with the cycle removed. ldd(1) can be used to display the initialization order of shared object dependencies.
Control is passed to the application.
During the application's execution, the runtime linker can be called upon to perform any delayed function binding.
If any shared objects are deleted from the process, finalization functions are called. By default, these functions are called in the order of the topologically sorted dependencies.
The application can also call upon the services of the runtime linker to acquire additional shared objects by using dlopen(3C). Symbols provided by these objects, can be bound to using dlsym(3C).
Further details on each of the previous topics can be found in the Linker and Libraries Guide.
The runtime linker uses a prescribed search path for locating the dynamic dependencies of an object. The default search paths are the runpath recorded in the object, followed by a series of defaults. For 32–bit objects, the defaults are /lib followed by /usr/lib. For 64–bit objects, the defaults are /lib/64 followed by /usr/lib/64. These defaults component can be modified using a configuration file that is created with crle(1). The runpath is specified when the dynamic object is constructed using the -R option to ld(1). The environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH can be used to indicate directories to be searched before the default directories.
Typically, the runtime linker is invoked indirectly through executing a dynamic executable that declares the runtime linker as its interpreter. The runtime linker can also be executed directly from the command line. This mechanism is most often employed to experiment with new implementations of the runtime linker. Arguments that are supplied on the command line consist of options that are applicable to the runtime linker. Following these options is the name of the dynamic object to be executed, and any options required by this object. Effectively, the runtime linker replaces any interpreter specified by the dynamic object.
The following option is supported:
Specify a runtime linker specific environment variable. See ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES. Variables set using this option take precedence over any environment variables, or configuration file variables of the same name. The variable LD_NOENVIRON can be specified to indicate that no environment variables should be processed following -e option processing.
Each environment variable can be specified with a _32 or _64 suffix. This makes the environment variable specific, respectively, to 32–bit or 64–bit processes. This environment variable overrides any non-suffixed version of the environment variable that might be in effect. Environment variables specified without a value, that have a _32 or _64 suffix, effectively cancel any associated generic environment variable setting.
A colon-separated list of objects that are loaded by the runtime linker. As each object is loaded, the object is examined for Link-Auditing interface routines. The routines that are present are called as specified in the Link-Auditing interface described in the Linker and Libraries Guide. Also, see the -p and -P options of ld(1).
The runtime linker's default mode of performing lazy binding can be enforced by setting the environment variable LD_BIND_LAZY to any non-null value. This setting causes the runtime linker to perform only lazy reference relocations for all objects that are loaded into the process. Individual objects can request that lazy reference relocations are performed when the object is loaded. See the -z now option of ld(1), and dlopen(3C) with the mode RTLD_NOW. Such requests to perform lazy reference relocations are suppressed when LD_BIND_LAZY is in effect.
If both LD_BIND_LAZY and LD_BIND_NOW are specified, then LD_BIND_NOW takes precedence.
The runtime linker's default mode of performing lazy binding can be overridden by setting the environment variable LD_BIND_NOW to any non-null value. This setting causes the runtime linker to perform both immediate reference and lazy reference relocations for all non-deferred objects that are loaded into the process. Individual objects can request that non-deferred, lazy reference relocations are performed when the object is loaded. See the -z now option of ld(1), and dlopen(3C) with the mode RTLD_NOW. Deferred dependencies are not affected by LD_BIND_NOW or RTLD_NOW. See the -z deferred option of ld(1).
If both LD_BIND_NOW and LD_BIND_LAZY are specified, then LD_BIND_NOW takes precedence.
Identifies a comma separated list of files that should be validated against any alternative capabilities. See LD_PLATCAP, LD_MACHCAP, LD_HWCAP, and LD_SFCAP.
Provides an alternative configuration file. Configuration files can be employed to alter default search paths, provide a directory cache, and provide alternate object dependencies. See crle(1).
Provides a comma, or colon-separated list of tokens to cause the runtime linker to print debugging information to standard error. The special token help indicates the full list of tokens available. The environment variable LD_DEBUG_OUTPUT can also be supplied to specify a file to which the debugging information is sent. The filename is suffixed with the process ID of the application generating the debugging information. See lari(1).
Any symbol name used as part of a diagnostic message is shown as defined within an ELF file. When LD_DEMANGLE is set to any non-null value, the runtime linker attempts to decode (demangle) any C++ symbol name.
Provides an alternative means of supplying environment variable information. Any of the LD_XXX environment variables can be specified as a xxx token. Multiple tokens can be supplied separated by commas. See EXAMPLES.
Identifies an alternative hardware capabilities value.
LD_HWCAP=[+-]{token | number},....A “+” prefix results in the capabilities that follow being added to the alternative capabilities. A “-” prefix results in the capabilities that follow being removed from the alternative capabilities. The lack of “+-” result in the capabilities that follow replacing the alternative capabilities.
The LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable, if set, is used to enhance the search path that the runtime linker uses to find dynamic dependencies. LD_LIBRARY_PATH specifies a colon-separated list of directories that are searched before the default directories. Also notice that LD_LIBRARY_PATH adds additional semantics to ld(1).
Filters are a form of shared object. Filters allow an alternative shared object to be selected at runtime that provide the implementation for any symbols that are defined within the filter. See the -f and -F options of ld(1). By default, the alternative shared object processing is deferred until symbol resolution occurs against the filter. When LD_LOADFLTR is set to any non-null value, any filters are processed immediately when the filter is loaded. Also, see the -z loadfltr option of ld(1).
Identifies an alternative machine hardware name.
Local auditing libraries can be defined within applications and shared objects. See the -p and -P options of ld(1). When LD_NOAUDIT is set to any non-null value, the runtime linker ignores any local auditing libraries.
Auxiliary filters are a form of shared object. Auxiliary filters allow an alternative shared object to be selected at runtime which provides the implementation for any symbols that are defined within the filter. See the -f option of ld(1). When LD_NOAUXFLTR is set to any non-null value, the runtime linker disables this alternative shared object lookup.
By default the runtime linker attempts to open and process a configuration file. When LD_NOCONFIG is set to any non-null value, the runtime linker disables this configuration file processing.
Provides a subset of LD_NOCONFIG in that any directory cache information provided in a configuration file is ignored.
Direct binding information instructs the runtime linker to search directly for a symbol in an associated object. See the -B direct option of ld(1). Without direct binding, the symbol search performed by the runtime linker follows the default model. When LD_NODIRECT is set to any non-null value, the runtime linker ignores any direct binding information.
Provides a subset of LD_NOCONFIG in that any environment variables provided in a configuration file are ignored.
Dependencies that are labeled for lazy loading are not loaded into memory until explicit reference to the dependency has been made. See the -z lazyload option of ld(1). When LD_NOLAZYLOAD is set to any non-null value, the runtime linker ignores a dependencies lazy loading label and loads the dependency immediately.
Provides a subset of LD_NOCONFIG in that any alternative object dependencies provided in a configuration file are ignored.
By default, the runtime linker verifies version dependencies for the primary executable and all of its dependencies. When LD_NOVERSION is set to any non-null value, the runtime linker disables this version checking.
The immediate processing of $ORIGIN can be triggered by setting the environment variable LD_ORIGIN to any non-null value. Before Solaris 9, this option was useful for applications that invoked chdir(2) prior to locating dependencies that employed the $ORIGIN string token. The establishment of the current working directory by the runtime linker is now default thus making this option redundant.
Identifies an alternative platform name.
Provides a list of shared objects, separated by spaces. These objects are loaded after the program being executed but before any other shared objects that the program references. Symbol definitions provided by the preloaded objects interpose on references made by the shared objects that the program references. Symbol definitions provided by the preloaded objects do not interpose on the symbol definitions provided by the program.
Defines a shared object to be profiled by the runtime linker. When profiling is enabled, a profiling buffer file is created and mapped. The name of the buffer file is the name of the shared object being profiled with a .profile extension. By default, this buffer is placed under /var/tmp. The environment variable LD_PROFILE_OUTPUT can also be supplied to indicate an alternative directory in which to place the profiling buffer.
The profiling buffer contains profil(2) and call count information. This information is similar to the gmon.out information generated by programs that have been linked with the -xpg option of cc. Any applications that use the named shared object and run while this environment variable is set, accumulate data in the profile buffer. See also NOTES. The profile buffer information can be examined using gprof(1).
The LD_PROFILE profiling technique is an alternative to other techniques that might be provided by the compilation system. The shared object being profiled does not have to be instrumented in any way, and LD_PROFILE should not be combined with a profile-instrumented application. See the Linker and Libraries Guide for more information on profiling shared objects.
Identifies an alternative software capabilities value.
LD_SFCAP=[+-]{token | number},....A “+” prefix results in the capabilities that follow being added to the alternative capabilities. A “-” prefix results in the capabilities that follow being removed from the alternative capabilities. The lack of “+-” result in the capabilities that follow replacing the alternative capabilities.
Provides a numeric signal number that the runtime linker uses to kill the process in the event of a fatal runtime error. See thr_kill(3C). By default, SIGKILL is used. For example, providing the alternative signal number 6 (SIGABRT), can provide for the creation of a core file to aid debugging. See also the RTLD_DI_SETSIGNAL request to dlinfo(3C).
Notice that environment variable names beginning with the characters 'LD_' are reserved for possible future enhancements to ld(1) and ld.so.1.
Secure processes have some restrictions applied to the evaluation of their dependencies and runpaths to prevent malicious dependency substitution or symbol interposition.
The runtime linker categorizes a process as secure if the issetugid(2) system call returns true for the process.
For 32-bit objects, the default trusted directories that are known to the runtime linker are /lib/secure and /usr/lib/secure. For 64-bit objects, the default trusted directories are /lib/secure/64 and /usr/lib/secure/64. The utility crle(1) can be used to specify additional trusted directories that are applicable for secure applications. Administrators who use this technique should ensure that the target directories are suitably protected from malicious intrusion.
If an LD_LIBRARY_PATH family environment variable is in effect for a secure process, only the trusted directories specified by this variable are used to augment the runtime linker's search rules.
In a secure process, runpath components that are provided by the application or any of its dependencies are used, provided the component is a full path name, that is, the path name starts with a '/'.
In a secure process, the expansion of the $ORIGIN string is allowed only if the string expands to a trusted directory. However, should a $ORIGIN expansion match a directory that has already provided dependencies, then the directory is implicitly secure. This directory can be used to provide additional dependencies.
In a secure process, LD_CONFIG is ignored. However, a configuration file that is recorded in a secure application is used. See the -c option of ld(1). A recorded configuration file must be a full path name, that is, the path name starts with a '/'. A recorded configuration file that employs the $ORIGIN string is restricted to known trusted directories. Developers who record a configuration file within a secure application should ensure that the configuration file directory is suitably protected from malicious intrusion. In the absence of a recorded configuration file, a secure process uses the default configuration file, if a configuration file exists. See crle(1).
In a secure process, LD_SIGNAL is ignored.
Additional objects can be loaded with a secure process using the LD_PRELOAD, or LD_AUDIT environment variables. These objects must be specified as full path names or simple file names. Full path names are restricted to known trusted directories. Simple file names, in which no '/' appears in the name, are located subject to the search path restrictions previously described. Simple file names resolve only to known trusted directories.
In a secure process, any dependencies that consist of simple filenames are processed using the path name restrictions previously described. Dependencies expressed as full path names or relative path names are used as is. Therefore, the developer of a secure process should ensure that the target directory referenced as a full path name or relative path name dependency is suitably protected from malicious intrusion.
When creating a secure process, relative path names should not be used to express dependencies, or to construct dlopen(3C) path names. This restriction should be applied to the application and to all dependencies.
Example 1 Using LD_FLAGS to group environment variable information
The following use of LD_FLAGS is equivalent to setting the individual environment variables LD_BIND_NOW and LD_LIBRARY_PATH for 32–bit applications:
example% LD_FLAGS_32=bind_now,library_path=/lib/one:/lib/two
The following use of LD_FLAGS is equivalent to setting the individual environment variables LD_LIBRARY_PATH and LD_PRELOAD for 64–bit applications:
example% LD_FLAGS_64=library_path=/lib/one/64,preload=foo.so
Default runtime linker.
Alternate interpreter for SVID ABI compatibility.
A compatibility library to support null character pointers. See NOTES.
LD_PRELOAD location for secure applications.
LD_PRELOAD location for secure 64–bit applications.
Default runtime linker for 64–bit applications.
A 64–bit compatibility library to support null character pointers. See NOTES.
Default configuration file for 32–bit applications.
Default configuration file for 64–bit applications.
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
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crle(1), gprof(1), lari(1), ld(1), ldd(1), exec(2), issetugid(2), mmapobj(2), profil(2), dladdr(3C), dlclose(3C), dldump(3C), dlerror(3C), dlinfo(3C), dlopen(3C), dlsym(3C), thr_kill(3C), proc(4), attributes(5)
Care should be exercised when using LD_PROFILE in combination with other process monitoring techniques, such as users of proc(4). Multiple process monitoring techniques can result in deadlock conditions that leave the profile buffer locked. A locked buffer blocks any processes that try to record profiling information. To reduce this likelihood, the runtime linker's profile implementation determines if the process is being monitored at startup. If so, profiling of the process is silently disabled. However, this mechanism can not catch monitoring processes that attach to the process during its execution.
The user compatibility library /usr/lib/0@0.so.1 provides a mechanism that establishes a value of 0 at location 0. Some applications exist that erroneously assume a null character pointer should be treated the same as a pointer to a null string. A segmentation violation occurs in these applications when a null character pointer is accessed. If this library is added to such an application at runtime using LD_PRELOAD, the library provides an environment that is sympathetic to this errant behavior. However, the user compatibility library is intended neither to enable the generation of such applications, nor to endorse this particular programming practice.
In many cases, the presence of /usr/lib/0@0.so.1 is benign, and it can be preloaded into programs that do not require it. However, there are exceptions. Some applications, such as the JVM (Java Virtual Machine), require that a segmentation violation be generated from a null pointer access. Applications such as the JVM should not preload /usr/lib/0@0.so.
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