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man pages section 1M: System Administration Commands Oracle Solaris 11.1 Information Library |
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man pages section 1M: System Administration Commands Oracle Solaris 11.1 Information Library |
- network routing daemon
/usr/sbin/in.routed [-AdghmnqsStVz] [-T tracefile [-v]] [-F net[/mask ][,metric]] [-P params]
The daemon in.routed, often referred to as routed, is invoked at boot time to manage the network routing tables. It uses Routing Information Protocol, RIPv1 (RFC 1058), RIPv2 (RFC 2453), and Internet Router Discovery Protocol (RFC 1256) to maintain the kernel routing table. The RIPv1 protocol is based on the reference 4.3BSD daemon.
in.routed is managed by means of the service management facility (SMF), using the fault management resource identifier (FMRI):
svc:/network/routing/route:default
The daemon listens on a udp socket for the route service (see services(4)) for Routing Information Protocol packets. It also sends and receives multicast Router Discovery ICMP messages. If the host is a router, in.routed periodically supplies copies of its routing tables to any directly connected hosts and networks. It also advertises or solicits default routes using Router Discovery ICMP messages.
When started (or when a network interface is later turned on), in.routed uses an AF_ROUTE address family facility to find those directly connected interfaces configured into the system and marked “up”. It adds necessary routes for the interfaces to the kernel routing table. Soon after being first started, and provided there is at least one interface on which RIP has not been disabled, in.routed deletes all pre-existing non-static routes in the kernel table. Static routes in the kernel table are preserved and included in RIP responses if they have a valid RIP metric (see route(1M)).
If more than one interface is present (not counting the loopback interface), it is assumed that the host should forward packets among the connected networks. After transmitting a RIP request and Router Discovery Advertisements or Solicitations on a new interface, the daemon enters a loop, listening for RIP request and response and Router Discovery packets from other hosts.
When a request packet is received, in.routed formulates a reply based on the information maintained in its internal tables. The response packet generated contains a list of known routes, each marked with a “hop count” metric (a count of 16 or greater is considered “infinite”). Advertised metrics reflect the metric associated with an interface (see ifconfig(1M)), so setting the metric on an interface is an effective way to steer traffic.
Responses do not include routes with a first hop on the requesting network, to implement in part split-horizon. Requests from query programs such as rtquery(1M) are answered with the complete table.
The routing table maintained by the daemon includes space for several gateways for each destination to speed recovery from a failing router. RIP response packets received are used to update the routing tables, provided they are from one of the several currently recognized gateways or advertise a better metric than at least one of the existing gateways.
When an update is applied, in.routed records the change in its own tables and updates the kernel routing table if the best route to the destination changes. The change in the kernel routing table is reflected in the next batch of response packets sent. If the next response is not scheduled for a while, a flash update response containing only recently changed routes is sent.
In addition to processing incoming packets, in.routed also periodically checks the routing table entries. If an entry has not been updated for 3 minutes, the entry's metric is set to infinity and marked for deletion. Deletions are delayed until the route has been advertised with an infnite metric to insure the invalidation is propagated throughout the local internet. This is a form of poison reverse.
Routes in the kernel table that are added or changed as a result of ICMP Redirect messages are deleted after a while to minimize black-holes. When a TCP connection suffers a timeout, the kernel tells in.routed, which deletes all redirected routes through the gateway involved, advances the age of all RIP routes through the gateway to allow an alternate to be chosen, and advances of the age of any relevant Router Discovery Protocol default routes.
Hosts acting as internetwork routers gratuitously supply their routing tables every 30 seconds to all directly connected hosts and networks. These RIP responses are sent to the broadcast address on nets that support broadcasting, to the destination address on point-to-point links, and to the router's own address on other networks. If RIPv2 is enabled, multicast packets are sent on interfaces that support multicasting.
If no response is received on a remote interface, if there are errors while sending responses, or if there are more errors than input or output (see netstat(1M)), then the cable or some other part of the interface is assumed to be disconnected or broken, and routes are adjusted appropriately.
The Internet Router Discovery Protocol is handled similarly. When the daemon is supplying RIP routes, it also listens for Router Discovery Solicitations and sends Advertisements. When it is quiet and listening to other RIP routers, it sends Solicitations and listens for Advertisements. If it receives a good Advertisement and it is not multi-homed, it stops listening for broadcast or multicast RIP responses. It tracks several advertising routers to speed recovery when the currently chosen router dies. If all discovered routers disappear, the daemon resumes listening to RIP responses. It continues listening to RIP while using Router Discovery if multi-homed to ensure all interfaces are used.
The Router Discovery standard requires that advertisements have a default “lifetime” of 30 minutes. That means should something happen, a client can be without a good route for 30 minutes. It is a good idea to reduce the default to 45 seconds using -P rdisc_interval=45 on the command line or rdisc_interval=45 in the /etc/gateways file. See gateways(4).
While using Router Discovery (which happens by default when the system has a single network interface and a Router Discover Advertisement is received), there is a single default route and a variable number of redirected host routes in the kernel table. On a host with more than one network interface, this default route will be via only one of the interfaces. Thus, multi-homed hosts running with -q might need the no_rdisc argument described below.
To support “legacy” systems that can handle neither RIPv2 nor Router Discovery, you can use the pm_rdisc parameter in the /etc/gateways. See gateways(4).
By default, neither Router Discovery advertisements nor solicitations are sent over point-to-point links (for example, PPP). The Solaris OE uses a netmask of all ones (255.255.255.255) on point-to-point links.
in.routed supports the notion of “distant” passive or active gateways. When the daemon is started, it reads the file /etc/gateways to find such distant gateways that cannot be located using only information from a routing socket, to discover if some of the local gateways are passive, and to obtain other parameters. Gateways specified in this manner should be marked passive if they are not expected to exchange routing information, while gateways marked active should be willing to exchange RIP packets. Routes through passive gateways are installed in the kernel's routing tables once upon startup and are not included in transmitted RIP responses.
Distant active gateways are treated like network interfaces. RIP responses are sent to the distant active gateway. If no responses are received, the associated route is deleted from the kernel table and RIP responses are advertised via other interfaces. If the distant gateway resumes sending RIP responses, the associated route is restored.
Distant active gateways can be useful on media that do not support broadcasts or multicasts but otherwise act like classic shared media, such as some ATM networks. One can list all RIP routers reachable on the HIPPI or ATM network in /etc/gateways with a series of “host” lines. Note that it is usually desirable to use RIPv2 in such situations to avoid generating lists of inferred host routes.
Gateways marked external are also passive, but are not placed in the kernel routing table, nor are they included in routing updates. The function of external entries is to indicate that another routing process will install such a route if necessary, and that other routes to that destination should not be installed by in.routed. Such entries are required only when both routers might learn of routes to the same destination.
Listed below are available options. Any other argument supplied is interpreted as the name of a file in which the actions of in.routed should be logged. It is better to use -T (described below) instead of appending the name of the trace file to the command. Associated SMF properties for these options are described, and can be set by means of a command of the form:
# routeadm -m route:default name=value
Do not ignore RIPv2 authentication if we do not care about RIPv2 authentication. This option is required for conformance with RFC 2453. However, it makes no sense and breaks using RIP as a discovery protocol to ignore all RIPv2 packets that carry authentication when this machine does not care about authentication. This option is equivalent to setting the ignore_auth property value to false.
Do not run in the background. This option is meant for interactive use and is not usable under the SMF.
Minimize routes in transmissions via interfaces with addresses that match net (network number)/mask (netmask), and synthesizes a default route to this machine with the metric. The intent is to reduce RIP traffic on slow, point-to-point links, such as PPP links, by replacing many large UDP packets of RIP information with a single, small packet containing a “fake” default route. If metric is absent, a value of 14 is assumed to limit the spread of the “fake” default route. This is a dangerous feature that, when used carelessly, can cause routing loops. Notice also that more than one interface can match the specified network number and mask. See also -g. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the minimize_routes property.
Used on internetwork routers to offer a route to the “default” destination. It is equivalent to -F 0/0,1 and is present mostly for historical reasons. A better choice is -P pm_rdisc on the command line or pm_rdisc in the /etc/gateways file. A larger metric will be used with the latter alternatives, reducing the spread of the potentially dangerous default route. The -g (or -P) option is typically used on a gateway to the Internet, or on a gateway that uses another routing protocol whose routes are not reported to other local routers. Note that because a metric of 1 is used, this feature is dangerous. Its use more often creates chaos with a routing loop than solves problems. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the offer_default_route property to true.
Causes host or point-to-point routes not to be advertised, provided there is a network route going the same direction. That is a limited kind of aggregation. This option is useful on gateways to LANs that have other gateway machines connected with point-to-point links such as SLIP. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the advertise_host_routes property to false.
Cause the machine to advertise a host or point-to-point route to its primary interface. It is useful on multi-homed machines such as NFS servers. This option should not be used except when the cost of the host routes it generates is justified by the popularity of the server. It is effective only when the machine is supplying routing information, because there is more than one interface. The -m option overrides the -q option to the limited extent of advertising the host route. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the advertise_host_routes_primary property to true.
Do not install routes in kernel. By default, routes are installed in the kernel. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the install_routes property to false.
Equivalent to adding the parameter line params to the /etc/gateways file. Can also be set by means of the parameters property.
Opposite of the -s option. This is the default when only one interface is present. With this explicit option, the daemon is always in “quiet mode” for RIP and does not supply routing information to other computers. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the quiet_mode property to true.
Force in.routed to supply routing information. This is the default if multiple network interfaces are present on which RIP or Router Discovery have not been disabled, and if global IPv4 forwarding is turned on (by means of ipadm(1M)). Use of this option is equivalent to setting the supply_routes property to true.
If in.routed is not acting as an internetwork router, instead of entering the whole routing table in the kernel, it enters only a default route for each internetwork router. This reduces the memory requirements without losing any routing reliability. This option is provided for compatibility with the previous, RIPv1–only in.routed. Use of this option is generally discouraged. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the default_routes_only property to true.
Runs in the foreground (as with -d) and logs the contents of the packets received (as with -zz). This is for compatibility with prior versions of Solaris and has no SMF equivalent.
Increases the debugging level to at least 1 and causes debugging information to be appended to the trace file. Because of security concerns, do not to run in.routed routinely with tracing directed to a file. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the log_file property to trace file path.
Enables debug. Similar to -z, except, where -z increments trace_level, -v sets trace_level to 1. Also, -v requires the -T option. Use of this option is equivalent to setting the debug property to true.
Displays the version of the daemon.
Increase the debugging level, which causes more information to be logged on the tracefile specified with -T or stdout. The debugging level can be increased or decreased with the SIGUSR1 or SIGUSR2 signals or with the rtquery(1M) command.
If this file is present and contains the address of a default router, the system startup script does not run in.routed. See defaultrouter(4).
List of distant gateways and general configuration options for in.routed. See gateways(4).
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
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ipadm(1M), route(1M), routeadm(1M), rtquery(1M), svcadm(1M), ioctl(2), inet(3SOCKET), defaultrouter(4), gateways(4), attributes(5), icmp(7P), inet(7P), udp(7P)
Internet Transport Protocols, XSIS 028112, Xerox System Integration Standard
Routing Information Protocol, v2 (RFC 2453, STD 0056, November 1998)
RIP-v2 MD5 Authentication (RFC 2082, January 1997)
Routing Information Protocol, v1 (RFC 1058, June 1988)
ICMP Router Discovery Messages (RFC 1256, September 1991)
In keeping with its intended design, this daemon deviates from RFC 2453 in two notable ways:
By default, in.routed does not discard authenticated RIPv2 messages when RIP authentication is not configured. There is little to gain from dropping authenticated packets when RIPv1 listeners will gladly process them. Using the -A option causes in.routed to conform to the RFC in this case.
Unauthenticated RIP requests are never discarded, even when RIP authentication is configured. Forwarding tables are not secret and can be inferred through other means such as test traffic. RIP is also the most common router-discovery protocol, and hosts need to send queries that will be answered.
in.routed does not always detect unidirectional failures in network interfaces, for example, when the output side fails.
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