Creating IPQoS Configuration Files for Web Servers

This section introduces the IPQoS configuration file by showing how to create a configuration for a premium web server. The section then shows how to configure a completely different level of service in another configuration file for a server that hosts personal web sites. Both servers are part of the network example that is shown in Figure 2-4.

The following configuration file defines IPQoS activities for the Goldweb server. This server hosts the web site for Goldco, the company that has purchased a premium SLA.

Example 3-1 Sample IPQoS Configuration File for a Premium Web Server

fmt_version 1.0

action {
    module ipgpc
    name ipgpc.classify
    params {
        global_stats TRUE
    }
    class {
        name goldweb
        next_action markAF11
        enable_stats FALSE
    }
    class {
        name video
        next_action markEF
        enable_stats FALSE
    }
    filter {
        name webout
        sport 80
        direction LOCAL_OUT
        class goldweb
    }
    filter {
        name videoout
        sport videosrv
        direction LOCAL_OUT
        class video
    }
}
action {
    module dscpmk
    name markAF11
    params {
        global_stats FALSE
        dscp_map{0-63:10}
        next_action continue
    }
}
action {
    module dscpmk
    name markEF
    params {
        global_stats TRUE
        dscp_map{0-63:46}
        next_action acct
    }
}
action {
    module flowacct
    name acct
    params {
        enable_stats TRUE
        timer 10000
        timeout 10000
        max_limit 2048
    }
}

The following configuration file defines IPQoS activities on Userweb. This server hosts web sites for individuals with low-priced, or best-effort, SLAs. This level of service guarantees the best service that can be delivered to best-effort customers after the IPQoS system handles traffic from customers with more expensive SLAs.

Example 3-2 Sample Configuration for a Best-Effort Web Server

fmt_version 1.0

action {
    module ipgpc
    name ipgpc.classify
    params {
        global_stats TRUE
    }
    class {
        name Userweb
        next_action markAF12
        enable_stats FALSE
    }
    filter {
        name webout
        sport 80
        direction LOCAL_OUT
        class Userweb
   }
}
action {
    module dscpmk
    name markAF12
    params {
        global_stats FALSE
        dscp_map{0-63:12}
        next_action continue
    }
}

How to Create the IPQoS Configuration File and Define Traffic Classes

You can create your first IPQoS configuration file in whatever directory is easiest for you to maintain. The tasks in this chapter use the directory /var/ipqos as the location for IPQoS configuration files. The next procedure builds the initial segment of the IPQoS configuration file that is introduced in Example 3-1.

Note - As you create the IPQoS configuration file, be very careful to start and end each action statement and clause with curly braces ({ }). For an example of the use of braces, see Example 3-1.

Log in to the premium web server, and create a new IPQoS configuration file with a .qos extension.
Every IPQoS configuration file must start with the version number fmt_version 1.0 as its first uncommented line.
Follow the opening parameter with the initial action statement, which configures the generic IP classifier ipgpc.
This initial action begins the tree of action statements that compose the IPQoS configuration file. For example, the /var/ipqos/Goldweb.qos file begins with the initial action statement to call the ipgpc classifier.
```
fmt_version 1.0

action {
    module ipgpc
    name ipgpc.classify
```
fmt_version 1.0

Begins the IPQoS configuration file.

action {

Begins the action statement.

module ipgpc

Configures the ipgpc classifier as the first action in the configuration file.

name ipgpc.classify

Defines the name of the classifier action statement, which must always be ipgpc.classify.

For detailed syntactical information about action statements, refer to action Statement and the ipqosconf(1M) man page.
Add a params clause with the statistics parameter global_stats.
```
params {
          global_stats TRUE
   }
```
The parameter global_stats TRUE in theipgpc.classify statement enables statistics gathering for that action. global_stats TRUE also enables per-class statistics gathering wherever a class clause definition specifies enable_stats TRUE.
Turning on statistics impacts performance. You might want to gather statistics on a new IPQoS configuration file to verify that IPQoS works properly. Later, you can turn off statistics collection by changing the argument to global_stats to FALSE.
Global statistics are but one type of parameter you can define in a params clause. For syntactical and other details about params clauses, refer to params Clause and the ipqosconf(1M) man page.
Define a class that identifies traffic that is bound for the premium server.
```
class { 
        name goldweb 
        next_action markAF11   
        enable_stats FALSE 
    }
```
This statement is called a class clause. A class clause has the following contents.
name goldweb

Creates the class goldweb to identify traffic that is bound for the Goldweb server.

next_action markAF11

Instructs the ipgpc module to pass packets of the goldweb class to the markAF11 action statement. The markAF11 action statement calls the dscpmk marker.

enable_stats FALSE

Enables statistics taking for the goldweb class. However, because the value of enable_stats is FALSE, statistics for this class are not turned on.

For detailed information about the syntax of the class clause, see class Clause and the ipqosconf(1M) man page.
Define a class that identifies an application that must have highest-priority forwarding.
```
class {
        name video
        next_action markEF
        enable_stats FALSE
    }
```
name video

Creates the class video to identify streaming video traffic that is outgoing from the Goldweb server.

next_action markEF

Instructs the ipgpc module to pass packets of the video class to the markEF statement after ipgpc completes processing. The markEF statement calls the dscpmk marker.

enable_stats FALSE

Enables statistics collection for the video class. However, because the value of enable_stats is FALSE, statistics collection for this class is not turned on.

See Also

To define filters for the class you just created, refer to How to Define Filters in the IPQoS Configuration File.
To create another class clause for the configuration file, refer to How to Create the IPQoS Configuration File and Define Traffic Classes.

How to Define Filters in the IPQoS Configuration File

The next procedure shows how to define filters for a class in the IPQoS configuration file.

Before You Begin

The procedure assumes that you have already started file creation and have defined classes. The steps continue building the /var/ipqos/Goldweb.qos file that is created in How to Create the IPQoS Configuration File and Define Traffic Classes.

Note - As you create the IPQoS configuration file, be very careful to start and end each class clause and each filter clause with curly braces ({ }). For an example of the use of braces, use Example 3-1.

Open the IPQoS configuration file, and locate the end of the last class that you defined.
For example, on the IPQoS-enabled server Goldweb, you would start after the following class clause in /var/ipqos/Goldweb.qos:
```
class {
        name video
        next_action markEF
        enable_stats FALSE
    }
```
Define a filter clause to select outgoing traffic from the IPQoS system.
```
    filter {
        name webout
        sport 80
        direction LOCAL_OUT
        class goldweb
    }
```
name webout

Gives the name webout to the filter.

sport 80

Selects traffic with a source port of 80, the well-known port for HTTP (web) traffic.

direction LOCAL_OUT

Further selects traffic that is outgoing from the local system.

class goldweb

Identifies the class to which the filter belongs, in this instance, class goldweb.

For syntactical and detailed information about the filter clause in the IPQoS configuration file, refer to filter Clause.
Define a filter clause to select streaming video traffic on the IPQoS system.
```
    filter {
        name videoout
        sport videosrv
        direction LOCAL_OUT
        class video
    }
```
name videoout

Gives the name videoout to the filter.

sport videosrv

Selects traffic with a source port of videosrv, a previously defined port for the streaming video application on this system.

direction LOCAL_OUT

Further selects traffic that is outgoing from the local system.

class video

Identifies the class to which the filter belongs, in this instance, class video.

See Also

To define forwarding behaviors for the marker modules, refer to How to Define Traffic Forwarding in the IPQoS Configuration File.
To define flow-control parameters for the metering modules, refer to How to Configure Flow Control in the IPQoS Configuration File.
To activate the IPQoS configuration file, refer to How to Apply a New Configuration to the IPQoS Kernel Modules.
To define additional filters, refer to How to Define Filters in the IPQoS Configuration File.
To create classes for traffic flows from applications, refer to How to Configure the IPQoS Configuration File for an Application Server.

How to Define Traffic Forwarding in the IPQoS Configuration File

The next procedure shows how to define traffic forwarding by adding per-hop behaviors for a class into the IPQoS configuration file.

Before You Begin

The procedure assumes that you have an existing IPQoS configuration file with already defined classes and already defined filters. The steps continue building the /var/ipqos/Goldweb.qos file from Example 3-1.

Note - The procedure shows how to configure traffic forwarding by using the dscpmk marker module. For information about traffic forwarding on VLAN systems by using the dlclosmk marker, refer to Using the dlcosmk Marker With VLAN Devices.

Open the IPQoS configuration file, and locate the end of the last filter you defined.
For example, on the IPQoS-enabled server Goldweb, you would start after the following filter clause in /var/ipqos/Goldweb.qos:
```
filter {
        name videoout
        sport videosrv
        direction LOCAL_OUT
        class video
    }
}
```
Note that this filter clause is at the end of the ipgpc classifier action statement. Therefore, you need a closing brace to terminate the filter and a second closing brace to terminate the action statement.
Invoke the marker with the following action statement.
```
action {
    module dscpmk
    name markAF11
```
module dscpmk

Calls the marker module dscpmk.

name markAF11

Gives the name markAF11 to the action statement.

The previously defined class goldweb includes a next_action markAF11 statement. This statement sends traffic flows to the markAF11 action statement after the classifier concludes processing.
Define actions for the marker to take on the traffic flow.
```
    params {
        global_stats FALSE
        dscp_map{0-63:10}
        next_action continue
    }
}
```
global_stats FALSE

Enables statistics collection for the markAF11 marker action statement. However, because the value of enable_stats is FALSE, statistics are not collected.

dscp_map{0–63:10}

Assigns a DSCP of 10 to the packet headers of the traffic class goldweb, which is currently being processed by the marker.

next_action continue

Indicates that no further processing is required on packets of the traffic class goldweb, and that these packets can return to the network stream.

The DSCP of 10 instructs the marker to set all entries in the dscp map to the decimal value 10 (binary 001010). This codepoint indicates that packets of the goldweb traffic class are subject to the AF11 per-hop behavior. AF11 guarantees that all packets with the DSCP of 10 receive a low-drop, high-priority service. Thus, outgoing traffic for premium customers on Goldweb is given the highest priority that is available for the Assured Forwarding (AF) PHB. For a table of possible DSCPs for AF, refer to Table 6-2.
Start another marker action statement.
```
action {
    module dscpmk
    name markEF
```
module dscpmk

Calls the marker module dscpmk.

name markEF

Gives the name markEF to the action statement.
Define actions for the marker to take on the traffic flow.
```
    params {
        global_stats TRUE
        dscp_map{0-63:46}
        next_action acct
    }
}
```
global_stats TRUE

Enables statistics collection on class video, which selects streaming video packets.

dscp_map{0–63:46}

Assigns a DSCP of 46 to the packet headers of the traffic class video, which is currently being processed by the marker.

next_action acct

Instructs the dscpmk module to pass packets of the class video to the acct action statement after dscpmk completes processing. The acct action statement invokes the flowacct module.

The DSCP of 46 instructs the dscpmk module to set all entries in the dscp map to the decimal value 46 (binary 101110) in the DS field. This codepoint indicates that packets of the video traffic class are subject to the Expedited Forwarding (EF) per-hop behavior.

Note - The recommended codepoint for EF is 46 (binary 101110). Other DSCPs assign AF PHBs to a packet.

The EF PHB guarantees that packets with the DSCP of 46 are given the highest precedence by IPQoS and Diffserv-aware systems. Streaming applications require highest-priority service, which is the rationale behind assigning to streaming applications the EF PHBs in the QoS policy. For more details about the expedited forwarding PHB, refer to Expedited Forwarding (EF) PHB.
Add the DSCPs that you have just created to the appropriate files on the Diffserv router.
For more information, refer to How to Configure a Router on an IPQoS-Enabled Network.

See Also

To start gathering flow-accounting statistics on traffic flows, refer to How to Enable Accounting for a Class in the IPQoS Configuration File.
To define forwarding behaviors for the marker modules, refer to How to Define Traffic Forwarding in the IPQoS Configuration File.
To define flow-control parameters for the metering modules, refer to How to Configure Flow Control in the IPQoS Configuration File.
To activate the IPQoS configuration file, refer to How to Apply a New Configuration to the IPQoS Kernel Modules.
To define additional filters, refer to How to Define Filters in the IPQoS Configuration File.
To create classes for traffic flows from applications, refer to How to Configure the IPQoS Configuration File for an Application Server.

How to Enable Accounting for a Class in the IPQoS Configuration File

The next procedure shows how to enable accounting on a traffic class in the IPQoS configuration file. The procedure shows how to define flow accounting for the video class, which is introduced in How to Create the IPQoS Configuration File and Define Traffic Classes. This class selects streaming video traffic, which must be billed as part of a premium customer's SLA.

Before You Begin

The procedure assumes that you have an existing IPQoS configuration file with already defined classes, filters, metering actions, if appropriate, and marking actions, if appropriate. The steps continue building the /var/ipqos/Goldweb.qos file from Example 3-1.

Open the IPQoS configuration file, and locate the end of the last action statement you defined.
For example, on the IPQoS-enabled server Goldweb, you would start after the following markEF action statement in /var/ipqos/Goldweb.qos.
```
action {
    module dscpmk
    name markEF
    params {
        global_stats TRUE
        dscp_map{0-63:46}
        next_action acct
    }
}
```
Begin an action statement that calls flow accounting.
```
action {
    module flowacct
    name acct
```
module flowacct

Invokes the flow-accounting module flowacct.

name acct

Gives the name acct to the action statement
Define a params clause to control accounting on the traffic class.
```
params {
        global_stats TRUE
        timer 10000
        timeout 10000
        max_limit 2048
        next_action continue
    }
}
```
global_stats TRUE

Enables statistics collection on the class video, which selects streaming video packets.

timer 10000

Specifies the duration of the interval, in milliseconds, when the flow table is scanned for timed-out flows. In this parameter, that interval is 10000 milliseconds.

timeout 10000

Specifies the minimum interval time out value. A flow “times out” when packets for the flow are not seen during a time out interval. In this parameter, packets time out after 10000 milliseconds.

max_limit 2048

Sets the maximum number of active flow records in the flow table for this action instance.

next_action continue

Indicates that no further processing is required on packets of the traffic class video, and that these packets can return to the network stream.

The flowacct module gathers statistical information on packet flows of a particular class until a specified timeout value is reached.

See Also

To configure per-hop behaviors on a router, refer to How to Configure a Router on an IPQoS-Enabled Network.
To activate the IPQoS configuration file, refer to How to Apply a New Configuration to the IPQoS Kernel Modules.
To create classes for traffic flows from applications, refer to How to Configure the IPQoS Configuration File for an Application Server.

How to Create an IPQoS Configuration File for a Best-Effort Web Server

The IPQoS configuration file for a best-effort web server differs slightly from an IPQoS configuration file for a premium web server. As an example, the procedure uses the configuration file from Example 3-2.

Log in to the best-effort web server.
Create a new IPQoS configuration file with a .qos extension.
```
fmt_vesion 1.0
action {
    module ipgpc
    name ipgpc.classify
    params {
        global_stats TRUE
   }
```
The /var/ipqos/userweb.qos file must begin with the partial action statement to invoke the ipgpc classifier. In addition, the action statement also has a params clause to turn on statistics collection. For an explanation of this action statement, see How to Create the IPQoS Configuration File and Define Traffic Classes.
Define a class that identifies traffic that is bound for the best-effort web server.
```
class {
        name userweb
        next_action markAF12
        enable_stats FALSE
    }
```
name userweb

Creates a class that is called userweb for forwarding web traffic from users.

next_action markAF1

Instructs the ipgpc module to pass packets of the userweb class to the markAF12 action statement after ipgpc completes processing. The markAF12 action statement invokes the dscpmk marker.

enable_stats FALSE

Enables statistics collection for the userweb class. However, because the value of enable_stats is FALSE, statistics collection for this class does not occur.

For an explanation of the class clause task, see How to Create the IPQoS Configuration File and Define Traffic Classes.
Define a filter clause to select traffic flows for the userweb class.
```
    filter {
       name webout
       sport 80
       direction LOCAL_OUT
       class userweb
   }
}
```
name webout

Gives the name webout to the filter.

sport 80

Selects traffic with a source port of 80, the well-known port for HTTP (web) traffic.

direction LOCAL_OUT

Further selects traffic that is outgoing from the local system.

class userweb

Identifies the class to which the filter belongs, in this instance, class userweb.

For an explanation of the filter clause task, see How to Define Filters in the IPQoS Configuration File.
Begin the action statement to invoke the dscpmk marker.
```
action {
    module dscpmk
    name markAF12
```
module dscpmk

Invokes the marker module dscpmk.

name markAF12

Gives the name markAF12 to the action statement.

The previously defined class userweb includes a next_action markAF12 statement. This statement sends traffic flows to the markAF12 action statement after the classifier concludes processing.
Define parameters for the marker to use for processing the traffic flow.
```
    params {
        global_stats FALSE
        dscp_map{0-63:12}
        next_action continue
    }
}
```
global_stats FALSE

Enables statistics collection for the markAF12 marker action statement. However, because the value of enable_stats is FALSE, statistics collection does not occur.

dscp_map{0–63:12}

Assigns a DSCP of 12 to the packet headers of the traffic class userweb, which is currently being processed by the marker.

next_action continue

Indicates that no further processing is required on packets of the traffic class userweb, and that these packets can return to the network stream.

The DSCP of 12 instructs the marker to set all entries in the dscp map to the decimal value 12 (binary 001100). This codepoint indicates that packets of the userweb traffic class are subject to the AF12 per-hop behavior. AF12 guarantees that all packets with the DSCP of 12 in the DS field receive a medium-drop, high-priority service.
When you complete the IPQoS configuration file, apply the configuration.

See Also

To add classes and other configuration for traffic flows from applications, refer to How to Configure the IPQoS Configuration File for an Application Server.
To configure per-hop behaviors on a router, refer to How to Configure a Router on an IPQoS-Enabled Network.
To activate your IPQoS configuration file, refer to How to Apply a New Configuration to the IPQoS Kernel Modules.

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